NEW YORK — In the aftermath of an earthquake, survival hinges on a combination of environmental factors and accessibility to essentials such as air and water. Experts suggest that, barring severe injuries and with mild weather, individuals trapped in rubble can survive for upward of a week.
Rescue operations are currently underway in Myanmar and Thailand following a powerful 7.7 magnitude earthquake on Friday that resulted in the destruction of buildings and road infrastructure. In Myanmar, the tragedy has claimed over 2,000 lives, while at least 18 fatalities have been reported in Thailand, primarily at a construction site for an office tower in Bangkok.
The initial 24 hours following a disaster are the most critical for rescues, as chances of survival dwindle with each passing day. Many victims suffer from severe injuries or find themselves buried under debris from collapsed structures.
Survivability in an earthquake relies heavily on specific factors. Geophysicist Victor Tsai of Brown University explains that individuals trapped in pockets of debris can experience a higher survival chance. These spaces, referred to as survivable voids, can offer protection against serious injuries while individuals await rescue.
However, the presence of fires, smoke, or hazardous materials due to collapsed structures can significantly lower survival odds, according to Dr. Joseph Barbera, an emergency response expert from George Washington University.
The ability to breathe and access water becomes increasingly vital over time. Barbera highlights, “You could survive a while without food,” adding, “You could survive less without water.”
Temperature is another critical factor influencing survival. External weather conditions can also impact the effectiveness of rescue missions. In Myanmar, where rescue efforts are hampered by power outages and communication challenges, rescuers toil amid daytime temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit), with the lack of heavy machinery further complicating the operations.
Immediate medical attention is crucial for survivors before they are extracted from debris. Barbera warns of the risk of shock due to toxin buildup in crushed muscles if medical intervention is delayed.
Historically, survival stories from extensive entrapments have emerged, manifesting resilience and perseverance against the odds. Following Japan’s 2011 earthquake and tsunami, a teenager and his grandmother survived nine days in a collapsed home, while a 16-year-old girl was found after 15 days in rubble in Haiti’s Port-Au-Prince earthquake.
Preparations for earthquakes can vary based on geographical location. In regions with stringent building codes designed for seismic activity, survival strategies may differ from those in areas without such regulations. In many areas, including the United States, recommended practices include dropping to the floor, seeking shelter under sturdy furniture, and holding on until shaking ceases. These actions can create protective voids if structural collapse occurs.
In instances where individuals find themselves trapped post-earthquake, conserving energy is crucial. Rationing food and water, listening for rescue efforts, and utilizing nearby objects to make noise can be beneficial. For those with a phone, conserving the battery and reaching out for help in brief and calculated attempts can be key.