President Joe Biden and leaders of NATO are gathering in Washington this week to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the prominent security organization, coinciding with Russia’s escalation in Ukraine. The three-day summit, beginning on Tuesday, aims to reassure Ukraine of NATO’s unwavering support and provide hope to its populace amid the escalating conflict in Europe. NATO’s role in global security is often misunderstood, as it primarily focuses on military defense of its 32 member countries and preserving peace in Europe and North America, rather than engaging in broader conflicts involving nuclear-armed nations such as Russia.
Founded in 1949 during the Cold War to counter the Soviet Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has expanded its membership to 32 nations, including recent addition Sweden concerned about Russia’s aggression. NATO’s core principle of collective security, enshrined in Article 5 of its treaty, pledges mutual defense among members in the event of an attack on sovereignty or territory. While Ukraine aligns with these criteria, it is a partner, not a full member, though NATO remains open to European nations meeting entry obligations.
The United States, as the leading member with significant defense spending and military capabilities, plays a pivotal role in guiding NATO’s agenda. Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg oversees the organization’s day-to-day operations until his upcoming replacement by Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte. Despite NATO itself not providing arms, member countries individually offer military assistance to Ukraine, focusing on modernizing its defense systems and bolstering security institutions. At the Washington summit, NATO leaders are expected to approve a new plan for coordinating equipment delivery and military training in Ukraine, reaffirming future alliance prospects for the embattled nation.
NATO’s response to Russian threats includes the deployment of 500,000 troops on standby to deter potential aggression along its borders with Russia and Ukraine. The alliance has increased battle groups and conducts regular military exercises to enhance preparedness on all fronts, be it land, sea, air, or cyberspace. While the U.S. has historically carried a heavier defense burden within NATO, other members have committed to boosting defense spending, with 23 countries nearing the target of dedicating 2% of GDP to defense, a noteworthy increase since the conflict escalation in Crimea in 2014. NATO’s collective efforts signify a united front in deterring external threats and fostering regional stability.
